GENTAUR Molecular Products.

 ACTB_HUMAN              Reviewed;         375 AA.
 P60709; P02570; P70514; P99021; Q11211; Q64316; Q75MN2; Q96B34;
 Q96HG5;
 21-JUL-1986, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot.
 01-APR-1988, sequence version 1.
 25-APR-2018, entry version 170.
 RecName: Full=Actin, cytoplasmic 1;
 AltName: Full=Beta-actin;
 Contains:
   RecName: Full=Actin, cytoplasmic 1, N-terminally processed;
 Name=ACTB;
 Homo sapiens (Human).
 Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi;
 Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini;
 Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
 NCBI_TaxID=9606;
 [1]
 NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA].
 PubMed=6322116; DOI=10.1093/nar/12.3.1687;
 Ponte P., Ng S.Y., Engel J., Gunning P., Kedes L.;
 "Evolutionary conservation in the untranslated regions of actin mRNAs:
 DNA sequence of a human beta-actin cDNA.";
 Nucleic Acids Res. 12:1687-1696(1984).
 [2]
 NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA].
 PubMed=2994062; DOI=10.1073/pnas.82.18.6133;
 Nakajima-Iijima S., Hamada H., Reddy P., Kakunaga T.;
 "Molecular structure of the human cytoplasmic beta-actin gene:
 interspecies homology of sequences in the introns.";
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82:6133-6137(1985).
 [3]
 NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA].
 PubMed=1734024; DOI=10.1083/jcb.116.4.933;
 Ohmori H., Toyama S., Toyama S.;
 "Direct proof that the primary site of action of cytochalasin on cell
 motility processes is actin.";
 J. Cell Biol. 116:933-941(1992).
 [4]
 NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA].
 NIEHS SNPs program;
 Submitted (MAR-2004) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases.
 [5]
 NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA].
 PubMed=12853948; DOI=10.1038/nature01782;
 Hillier L.W., Fulton R.S., Fulton L.A., Graves T.A., Pepin K.H.,
 Wagner-McPherson C., Layman D., Maas J., Jaeger S., Walker R.,
 Wylie K., Sekhon M., Becker M.C., O'Laughlin M.D., Schaller M.E.,
 Fewell G.A., Delehaunty K.D., Miner T.L., Nash W.E., Cordes M., Du H.,
 Sun H., Edwards J., Bradshaw-Cordum H., Ali J., Andrews S., Isak A.,
 Vanbrunt A., Nguyen C., Du F., Lamar B., Courtney L., Kalicki J.,
 Ozersky P., Bielicki L., Scott K., Holmes A., Harkins R., Harris A.,
 Strong C.M., Hou S., Tomlinson C., Dauphin-Kohlberg S.,
 Kozlowicz-Reilly A., Leonard S., Rohlfing T., Rock S.M.,
 Tin-Wollam A.-M., Abbott A., Minx P., Maupin R., Strowmatt C.,
 Latreille P., Miller N., Johnson D., Murray J., Woessner J.P.,
 Wendl M.C., Yang S.-P., Schultz B.R., Wallis J.W., Spieth J.,
 Bieri T.A., Nelson J.O., Berkowicz N., Wohldmann P.E., Cook L.L.,
 Hickenbotham M.T., Eldred J., Williams D., Bedell J.A., Mardis E.R.,
 Clifton S.W., Chissoe S.L., Marra M.A., Raymond C., Haugen E.,
 Gillett W., Zhou Y., James R., Phelps K., Iadanoto S., Bubb K.,
 Simms E., Levy R., Clendenning J., Kaul R., Kent W.J., Furey T.S.,
 Baertsch R.A., Brent M.R., Keibler E., Flicek P., Bork P., Suyama M.,
 Bailey J.A., Portnoy M.E., Torrents D., Chinwalla A.T., Gish W.R.,
 Eddy S.R., McPherson J.D., Olson M.V., Eichler E.E., Green E.D.,
 Waterston R.H., Wilson R.K.;
 "The DNA sequence of human chromosome 7.";
 Nature 424:157-164(2003).
 [6]
 NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA].
 TISSUE=Brain, Eye, Kidney, Muscle, Pancreas, Placenta, and Skin;
 PubMed=15489334; DOI=10.1101/gr.2596504;
 The MGC Project Team;
 "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA
 project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).";
 Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004).
 [7]
 PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-28.
 TISSUE=Platelet;
 PubMed=12665801; DOI=10.1038/nbt810;
 Gevaert K., Goethals M., Martens L., Van Damme J., Staes A.,
 Thomas G.R., Vandekerckhove J.;
 "Exploring proteomes and analyzing protein processing by mass
 spectrometric identification of sorted N-terminal peptides.";
 Nat. Biotechnol. 21:566-569(2003).
 [8]
 PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 2-18; 29-37; 40-50; 85-95; 148-177; 184-191;
 197-206; 292-312 AND 316-326, CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR METHIONINE,
 ACETYLATION AT ASP-2, AND IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY.
 TISSUE=B-cell lymphoma;
 Bienvenut W.V.;
 Submitted (JUN-2005) to UniProtKB.
 [9]
 PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 19-62; 85-113; 184-191; 197-206; 216-254; 291-312;
 316-326 AND 360-372, AND IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY.
 TISSUE=Brain, Cajal-Retzius cell, and Fetal brain cortex;
 Lubec G., Afjehi-Sadat L., Chen W.-Q., Sun Y.;
 Submitted (DEC-2008) to UniProtKB.
 [10]
 NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] OF 252-375.
 PubMed=6842590; DOI=10.1016/0022-2836(83)90117-1;
 Hanukoglu I., Tanese N., Fuchs E.;
 "Complementary DNA sequence of a human cytoplasmic actin. Interspecies
 divergence of 3' non-coding regions.";
 J. Mol. Biol. 163:673-678(1983).
 [11]
 INTERACTION WITH DHX9.
 PubMed=11687588; DOI=10.1074/jbc.M109393200;
 Zhang S., Buder K., Burkhardt C., Schlott B., Goerlach M., Grosse F.;
 "Nuclear DNA helicase II/RNA helicase A binds to filamentous actin.";
 J. Biol. Chem. 277:843-853(2002).
 [12]
 IDENTIFICATION IN A COMPLEX WITH RAN; XPO6 AND PFN1, AND INTERACTION
 WITH XPO6.
 PubMed=14592989; DOI=10.1093/emboj/cdg565;
 Stueven T., Hartmann E., Goerlich D.;
 "Exportin 6: a novel nuclear export receptor that is specific for
 profilin.actin complexes.";
 EMBO J. 22:5928-5940(2003).
 [13]
 INTERACTION WITH EMD.
 PubMed=15328537; DOI=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020231;
 Holaska J.M., Kowalski A.K., Wilson K.L.;
 "Emerin caps the pointed end of actin filaments: evidence for an actin
 cortical network at the nuclear inner membrane.";
 PLoS Biol. 2:1354-1362(2004).
 [14]
 ISGYLATION.
 PubMed=16139798; DOI=10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.132;
 Giannakopoulos N.V., Luo J.K., Papov V., Zou W., Lenschow D.J.,
 Jacobs B.S., Borden E.C., Li J., Virgin H.W., Zhang D.E.;
 "Proteomic identification of proteins conjugated to ISG15 in mouse and
 human cells.";
 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 336:496-506(2005).
 [15]
 INTERACTION WITH GCSAM.
 PubMed=17823310; DOI=10.1182/blood-2007-04-087775;
 Lu X., Chen J., Malumbres R., Cubedo Gil E., Helfman D.M.,
 Lossos I.S.;
 "HGAL, a lymphoma prognostic biomarker, interacts with the
 cytoskeleton and mediates the effects of IL-6 on cell migration.";
 Blood 110:4268-4277(2007).
 [16]
 IDENTIFICATION IN A MRNP GRANULE COMPLEX, IDENTIFICATION BY MASS
 SPECTROMETRY, AND SUBCELLULAR LOCATION.
 PubMed=17289661; DOI=10.1074/mcp.M600346-MCP200;
 Joeson L., Vikesaa J., Krogh A., Nielsen L.K., Hansen T., Borup R.,
 Johnsen A.H., Christiansen J., Nielsen F.C.;
 "Molecular composition of IMP1 ribonucleoprotein granules.";
 Mol. Cell. Proteomics 6:798-811(2007).
 [17]
 IDENTIFICATION IN THE BAF COMPLEX, AND IDENTIFICATION BY MASS
 SPECTROMETRY.
 PubMed=18765789; DOI=10.1101/gad.471408;
 Lange M., Kaynak B., Forster U.B., Toenjes M., Fischer J.J., Grimm C.,
 Schlesinger J., Just S., Dunkel I., Krueger T., Mebus S., Lehrach H.,
 Lurz R., Gobom J., Rottbauer W., Abdelilah-Seyfried S., Sperling S.;
 "Regulation of muscle development by DPF3, a novel histone acetylation
 and methylation reader of the BAF chromatin remodeling complex.";
 Genes Dev. 22:2370-2384(2008).
 [18]
 CROSS-LINK BETWEEN LYS-50 AND GLU-270 BY V.CHOLERAE TOXIN RTXA
 (MICROBIAL INFECTION).
 PubMed=19015515; DOI=10.1073/pnas.0808082105;
 Kudryashov D.S., Durer Z.A., Ytterberg A.J., Sawaya M.R., Pashkov I.,
 Prochazkova K., Yeates T.O., Loo R.R., Loo J.A., Satchell K.J.,
 Reisler E.;
 "Connecting actin monomers by iso-peptide bond is a toxicity mechanism
 of the Vibrio cholerae MARTX toxin.";
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105:18537-18542(2008).
 [19]
 ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT ASP-2, CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR
 METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS], AND IDENTIFICATION BY MASS
 SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS].
 PubMed=19413330; DOI=10.1021/ac9004309;
 Gauci S., Helbig A.O., Slijper M., Krijgsveld J., Heck A.J.,
 Mohammed S.;
 "Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in
 a refined SCX-based approach.";
 Anal. Chem. 81:4493-4501(2009).
 [20]
 CAUTION.
 PubMed=19377461; DOI=10.1038/nature07954;
 Fujiki R., Chikanishi T., Hashiba W., Ito H., Takada I., Roeder R.G.,
 Kitagawa H., Kato S.;
 "GlcNAcylation of a histone methyltransferase in retinoic-acid-induced
 granulopoiesis.";
 Nature 459:455-459(2009).
 [21]
 ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT ASP-2, CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR
 METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS], AND IDENTIFICATION BY MASS
 SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS].
 PubMed=22223895; DOI=10.1074/mcp.M111.015131;
 Bienvenut W.V., Sumpton D., Martinez A., Lilla S., Espagne C.,
 Meinnel T., Giglione C.;
 "Comparative large-scale characterisation of plant vs. mammal proteins
 reveals similar and idiosyncratic N-alpha acetylation features.";
 Mol. Cell. Proteomics 11:M111.015131-M111.015131(2012).
 [22]
 ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT MET-1 AND ASP-2, CLEAVAGE OF
 INITIATOR METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS], AND IDENTIFICATION BY
 MASS SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS].
 PubMed=22814378; DOI=10.1073/pnas.1210303109;
 Van Damme P., Lasa M., Polevoda B., Gazquez C., Elosegui-Artola A.,
 Kim D.S., De Juan-Pardo E., Demeyer K., Hole K., Larrea E.,
 Timmerman E., Prieto J., Arnesen T., Sherman F., Gevaert K.,
 Aldabe R.;
 "N-terminal acetylome analyses and functional insights of the N-
 terminal acetyltransferase NatB.";
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109:12449-12454(2012).
 [23]
 CAUTION AND RETRACTION.
 PubMed=24336203; DOI=10.1038/nature12896;
 Fujiki R., Chikanishi T., Hashiba W., Ito H., Takada I., Roeder R.G.,
 Kitagawa H., Kato S.;
 "Retraction: GlcNAcylation of a histone methyltransferase in retinoic-
 acid-induced granulopoiesis.";
 Nature 505:574-574(2014).
 [24]
 INTERACTION WITH ERBB2.
 PubMed=21555369; DOI=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-3504;
 Li L.Y., Chen H., Hsieh Y.H., Wang Y.N., Chu H.J., Chen Y.H.,
 Chen H.Y., Chien P.J., Ma H.T., Tsai H.C., Lai C.C., Sher Y.P.,
 Lien H.C., Tsai C.H., Hung M.C.;
 "Nuclear ErbB2 enhances translation and cell growth by activating
 transcription of ribosomal RNA genes.";
 Cancer Res. 71:4269-4279(2011).
 [25]
 METHYLATION AT LYS-84, AND DEMETHYLATION BY ALKBH4.
 PubMed=23673617; DOI=10.1038/ncomms2863;
 Li M.M., Nilsen A., Shi Y., Fusser M., Ding Y.H., Fu Y., Liu B.,
 Niu Y., Wu Y.S., Huang C.M., Olofsson M., Jin K.X., Lv Y., Xu X.Z.,
 He C., Dong M.Q., Rendtlew Danielsen J.M., Klungland A., Yang Y.G.;
 "ALKBH4-dependent demethylation of actin regulates actomyosin
 dynamics.";
 Nat. Commun. 4:1832-1832(2013).
 [26]
 ACETYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT ASP-2, CLEAVAGE OF INITIATOR
 METHIONINE [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS], AND IDENTIFICATION BY MASS
 SPECTROMETRY [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS].
 PubMed=25944712; DOI=10.1002/pmic.201400617;
 Vaca Jacome A.S., Rabilloud T., Schaeffer-Reiss C., Rompais M.,
 Ayoub D., Lane L., Bairoch A., Van Dorsselaer A., Carapito C.;
 "N-terminome analysis of the human mitochondrial proteome.";
 Proteomics 15:2519-2524(2015).
 [27]
 CROSS-LINK BY V.CHOLERAE TOXIN RTXA (MICROBIAL INFECTION).
 PubMed=26228148; DOI=10.1126/science.aab4090;
 Heisler D.B., Kudryashova E., Grinevich D.O., Suarez C.,
 Winkelman J.D., Birukov K.G., Kotha S.R., Parinandi N.L.,
 Vavylonis D., Kovar D.R., Kudryashov D.S.;
 "ACD toxin-produced actin oligomers poison formin-controlled actin
 polymerization.";
 Science 349:535-539(2015).
 [28]
 VARIANT DJO TRP-183, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VARIANT DJO TRP-183.
 PubMed=16685646; DOI=10.1086/504271;
 Procaccio V., Salazar G., Ono S., Styers M.L., Gearing M., Davila A.,
 Jimenez R., Juncos J., Gutekunst C.-A., Meroni G., Fontanella B.,
 Sontag E., Sontag J.-M., Faundez V., Wainer B.H.;
 "A mutation of beta -actin that alters depolymerization dynamics is
 associated with autosomal dominant developmental malformations,
 deafness, and dystonia.";
 Am. J. Hum. Genet. 78:947-960(2006).
 [29]
 VARIANTS BRWS1 ASP-12; VAL-65; CYS-196 AND HIS-196.
 PubMed=22366783; DOI=10.1038/ng.1091;
 Riviere J.B., van Bon B.W., Hoischen A., Kholmanskikh S.S.,
 O'Roak B.J., Gilissen C., Gijsen S., Sullivan C.T., Christian S.L.,
 Abdul-Rahman O.A., Atkin J.F., Chassaing N., Drouin-Garraud V.,
 Fry A.E., Fryns J.P., Gripp K.W., Kempers M., Kleefstra T.,
 Mancini G.M., Nowaczyk M.J., van Ravenswaaij-Arts C.M., Roscioli T.,
 Marble M., Rosenfeld J.A., Siu V.M., de Vries B.B., Shendure J.,
 Verloes A., Veltman J.A., Brunner H.G., Ross M.E., Pilz D.T.,
 Dobyns W.B.;
 "De novo mutations in the actin genes ACTB and ACTG1 cause Baraitser-
 Winter syndrome.";
 Nat. Genet. 44:440-444(2012).
 -!- FUNCTION: Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved
     in various types of cell motility and are ubiquitously expressed
     in all eukaryotic cells.
 -!- SUBUNIT: Interacts with CPNE1 (via VWFA domain) and CPNE4 (via
     VWFA domain) (By similarity). Polymerization of globular actin (G-
     actin) leads to a structural filament (F-actin) in the form of a
     two-stranded helix. Each actin can bind to 4 others. Identified in
     a IGF2BP1-dependent mRNP granule complex containing untranslated
     mRNAs. Component of the BAF complex, which includes at least actin
     (ACTB), ARID1A, ARID1B/BAF250, SMARCA2, SMARCA4/BRG1,
     ACTL6A/BAF53, ACTL6B/BAF53B, SMARCE1/BAF57 SMARCC1/BAF155,
     SMARCC2/BAF170, SMARCB1/SNF5/INI1, and one or more of
     SMARCD1/BAF60A, SMARCD2/BAF60B, or SMARCD3/BAF60C. In muscle
     cells, the BAF complex also contains DPF3. Found in a complex with
     XPO6, Ran, ACTB and PFN1. Interacts with XPO6 and EMD. Interacts
     with ERBB2. Interacts with GCSAM. Interacts with TBC1D21 (By
     similarity). Interacts with DHX9 (via C-terminus); this
     interaction is direct and mediates the attachment to nuclear
     ribonucleoprotein complexes (PubMed:11687588).
     {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P60710, ECO:0000269|PubMed:11687588,
     ECO:0000269|PubMed:14592989, ECO:0000269|PubMed:15328537,
     ECO:0000269|PubMed:17289661, ECO:0000269|PubMed:17823310,
     ECO:0000269|PubMed:18765789, ECO:0000269|PubMed:21555369}.
 -!- INTERACTION:
     Self; NbExp=12; IntAct=EBI-353944, EBI-353944;
     P60010:ACT1 (xeno); NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-353944, EBI-2169;
     P63261:ACTG1; NbExp=12; IntAct=EBI-353944, EBI-351292;
     P46680:AIP1 (xeno); NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-353944, EBI-2406;
     P08413:Camk2b (xeno); NbExp=4; IntAct=EBI-353944, EBI-916155;
     P40123:CAP2; NbExp=4; IntAct=EBI-353944, EBI-1051165;
     P23528:CFL1; NbExp=6; IntAct=EBI-353944, EBI-352733;
     Q549N0:CFL2; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-353944, EBI-10201319;
     Q9Y281:CFL2; NbExp=8; IntAct=EBI-353944, EBI-351218;
     Q9PTD7:cgn (xeno); NbExp=2; IntAct=EBI-353944, EBI-79525;
     P60981:DSTN; NbExp=6; IntAct=EBI-353944, EBI-745191;
     P50402:EMD; NbExp=2; IntAct=EBI-353944, EBI-489887;
     P04626:ERBB2; NbExp=10; IntAct=EBI-353944, EBI-641062;
     Q8TCJ0-2:FBXO25; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-353944, EBI-6264551;
     P11142:HSPA8; NbExp=2; IntAct=EBI-353944, EBI-351896;
     Q8K4J6:Mkl1 (xeno); NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-353944, EBI-8291665;
     O14950:MYL12B; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-353944, EBI-1642165;
     P14598:NCF1; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-353944, EBI-395044;
     P29474:NOS3; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-353944, EBI-1391623;
     Q92636:NSMAF; NbExp=2; IntAct=EBI-353944, EBI-2947053;
     P07737:PFN1; NbExp=2; IntAct=EBI-353944, EBI-713780;
     P84022:SMAD3; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-353944, EBI-347161;
     Q02821:SRP1 (xeno); NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-353944, EBI-1797;
     P38340:TAE1 (xeno); NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-353944, EBI-21116;
     P37802:TAGLN2; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-353944, EBI-1056740;
     Q9BSI4:TINF2; NbExp=2; IntAct=EBI-353944, EBI-717399;
     Q96HA8:WDYHV1; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-353944, EBI-741158;
     P63104:YWHAZ; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-353944, EBI-347088;
 -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton
     {ECO:0000269|PubMed:17289661}. Note=Localized in cytoplasmic mRNP
     granules containing untranslated mRNAs.
 -!- PTM: ISGylated. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:16139798}.
 -!- PTM: Oxidation of Met-44 and Met-47 by MICALs (MICAL1, MICAL2 or
     MICAL3) to form methionine sulfoxide promotes actin filament
     depolymerization. MICAL1 and MICAL2 produce the (R)-S-oxide form.
     The (R)-S-oxide form is reverted by MSRB1 and MSRB2, which promote
     actin repolymerization (By similarity). {ECO:0000250}.
 -!- PTM: Monomethylation at Lys-84 (K84me1) regulates actin-myosin
     interaction and actomyosin-dependent processes. Demethylation by
     ALKBH4 is required for maintaining actomyosin dynamics supporting
     normal cleavage furrow ingression during cytokinesis and cell
     migration. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:23673617}.
 -!- PTM: (Microbial infection) Monomeric actin is cross-linked by
     V.cholerae toxins RtxA and VgrG1 in case of infection: bacterial
     toxins mediate the cross-link between Lys-50 of one monomer and
     Glu-270 of another actin monomer, resulting in formation of highly
     toxic actin oligomers that cause cell rounding (PubMed:19015515).
     The toxin can be highly efficient at very low concentrations by
     acting on formin homology family proteins: toxic actin oligomers
     bind with high affinity to formins and adversely affect both
     nucleation and elongation abilities of formins, causing their
     potent inhibition in both profilin-dependent and independent
     manners (PubMed:26228148). {ECO:0000305|PubMed:19015515,
     ECO:0000305|PubMed:26228148}.
 -!- DISEASE: Dystonia, juvenile-onset (DJO) [MIM:607371]: A form of
     dystonia with juvenile onset. Dystonia is defined by the presence
     of sustained involuntary muscle contraction, often leading to
     abnormal postures. Patients with juvenile-onset dystonia manifest
     progressive, generalized, dopa-unresponsive dystonia,
     developmental malformations and sensory hearing loss.
     {ECO:0000269|PubMed:16685646}. Note=The disease is caused by
     mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.
 -!- DISEASE: Baraitser-Winter syndrome 1 (BRWS1) [MIM:243310]: A rare
     developmental disorder characterized by the combination of
     congenital ptosis, high-arched eyebrows, hypertelorism, ocular
     colobomata, and a brain malformation consisting of anterior-
     predominant lissencephaly. Other typical features include
     postnatal short stature and microcephaly, intellectual disability,
     seizures, and hearing loss. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:22366783}.
     Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene
     represented in this entry.
 -!- MISCELLANEOUS: In vertebrates 3 main groups of actin isoforms,
     alpha, beta and gamma have been identified. The alpha actins are
     found in muscle tissues and are a major constituent of the
     contractile apparatus. The beta and gamma actins coexist in most
     cell types as components of the cytoskeleton and as mediators of
     internal cell motility.
 -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the actin family. {ECO:0000305}.
 -!- CAUTION: Was originally thought to be part of the MLL5-L complex,
     at least composed of KMT2E, STK38, PPP1CA, PPP1CB, PPP1CC, HCFC1,
     ACTB and OGT (PubMed:19377461). However, the corresponding article
     has been retracted (PubMed:24336203).
     {ECO:0000269|PubMed:19377461, ECO:0000269|PubMed:24336203}.
 -!- WEB RESOURCE: Name=Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology
     and Haematology;
     URL="http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/Genes/ACTBID42959ch7p22.html";
 -!- WEB RESOURCE: Name=NIEHS-SNPs;
     URL="http://egp.gs.washington.edu/data/actb/";
 -!- WEB RESOURCE: Name=Mendelian genes actin, beta (ACTB); Note=Leiden
     Open Variation Database (LOVD);
     URL="http://www.lovd.nl/ACTB";
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
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 Distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs License
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 EMBL; X00351; CAA25099.1; -; mRNA.
 EMBL; M10277; AAA51567.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
 EMBL; X63432; CAA45026.1; -; mRNA.
 EMBL; AY582799; AAS79319.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
 EMBL; AC006483; AAP22343.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
 EMBL; BC001301; AAH01301.1; -; mRNA.
 EMBL; BC002409; AAH02409.1; -; mRNA.
 EMBL; BC004251; AAH04251.1; -; mRNA.
 EMBL; BC008633; AAH08633.1; -; mRNA.
 EMBL; BC012854; AAH12854.1; -; mRNA.
 EMBL; BC013380; AAH13380.1; -; mRNA.
 EMBL; BC014861; AAH14861.1; -; mRNA.
 EMBL; BC016045; AAH16045.1; -; mRNA.
 EMBL; V00478; CAA23745.1; -; mRNA.
 CCDS; CCDS5341.1; -.
 PIR; A25168; ATHUB.
 RefSeq; NP_001092.1; NM_001101.3.
 UniGene; Hs.520640; -.
 PDB; 3BYH; EM; 12.00 A; A=2-375.
 PDB; 3D2U; X-ray; 2.21 A; C/G=170-178.
 PDB; 3J82; EM; 7.70 A; B/C/D=2-375.
 PDB; 3LUE; EM; -; A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I/J=2-375.
 PDB; 6ANU; EM; 7.00 A; A/B/C/D/E/F=1-375.
 PDBsum; 3BYH; -.
 PDBsum; 3D2U; -.
 PDBsum; 3J82; -.
 PDBsum; 3LUE; -.
 PDBsum; 6ANU; -.
 ProteinModelPortal; P60709; -.
 SMR; P60709; -.
 BioGrid; 106575; 311.
 CORUM; P60709; -.
 DIP; DIP-29686N; -.
 IntAct; P60709; 221.
 MINT; P60709; -.
 STRING; 9606.ENSP00000349960; -.
 ChEMBL; CHEMBL2062353; -.
 CarbonylDB; P60709; -.
 iPTMnet; P60709; -.
 PhosphoSitePlus; P60709; -.
 SwissPalm; P60709; -.
 BioMuta; ACTB; -.
 DMDM; 46397333; -.
 DOSAC-COBS-2DPAGE; P60709; -.
 REPRODUCTION-2DPAGE; P60709; -.
 SWISS-2DPAGE; P60709; -.
 UCD-2DPAGE; P60709; -.
 EPD; P60709; -.
 PaxDb; P60709; -.
 PeptideAtlas; P60709; -.
 PRIDE; P60709; -.
 TopDownProteomics; P60709; -.
 DNASU; 60; -.
 Ensembl; ENST00000331789; ENSP00000349960; ENSG00000075624.
 GeneID; 60; -.
 KEGG; hsa:60; -.
 CTD; 60; -.
 DisGeNET; 60; -.
 EuPathDB; HostDB:ENSG00000075624.13; -.
 GeneCards; ACTB; -.
 HGNC; HGNC:132; ACTB.
 HPA; CAB002621; -.
 HPA; HPA041264; -.
 HPA; HPA041271; -.
 MalaCards; ACTB; -.
 MIM; 102630; gene.
 MIM; 243310; phenotype.
 MIM; 607371; phenotype.
 neXtProt; NX_P60709; -.
 OpenTargets; ENSG00000075624; -.
 Orphanet; 2995; Baraitser-Winter syndrome.
 Orphanet; 79107; Developmental malformations - deafness - dystonia.
 PharmGKB; PA24457; -.
 eggNOG; KOG0676; Eukaryota.
 eggNOG; COG5277; LUCA.
 GeneTree; ENSGT00760000118957; -.
 HOVERGEN; HBG003771; -.
 InParanoid; P60709; -.
 KO; K05692; -.
 OMA; MERGYPF; -.
 OrthoDB; EOG091G08LD; -.
 PhylomeDB; P60709; -.
 TreeFam; TF354237; -.
 Reactome; R-HSA-1445148; Translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane.
 Reactome; R-HSA-190873; Gap junction degradation.
 Reactome; R-HSA-196025; Formation of annular gap junctions.
 Reactome; R-HSA-2029482; Regulation of actin dynamics for phagocytic cup formation.
 Reactome; R-HSA-3214847; HATs acetylate histones.
 Reactome; R-HSA-389957; Prefoldin mediated transfer of substrate to CCT/TriC.
 Reactome; R-HSA-390450; Folding of actin by CCT/TriC.
 Reactome; R-HSA-3928662; EPHB-mediated forward signaling.
 Reactome; R-HSA-3928665; EPH-ephrin mediated repulsion of cells.
 Reactome; R-HSA-418990; Adherens junctions interactions.
 Reactome; R-HSA-437239; Recycling pathway of L1.
 Reactome; R-HSA-4420097; VEGFA-VEGFR2 Pathway.
 Reactome; R-HSA-445095; Interaction between L1 and Ankyrins.
 Reactome; R-HSA-446353; Cell-extracellular matrix interactions.
 Reactome; R-HSA-5250924; B-WICH complex positively regulates rRNA expression.
 Reactome; R-HSA-5626467; RHO GTPases activate IQGAPs.
 Reactome; R-HSA-5663213; RHO GTPases Activate WASPs and WAVEs.
 Reactome; R-HSA-5663220; RHO GTPases Activate Formins.
 Reactome; R-HSA-5674135; MAP2K and MAPK activation.
 Reactome; R-HSA-5689603; UCH proteinases.
 Reactome; R-HSA-5696394; DNA Damage Recognition in GG-NER.
 Reactome; R-HSA-6802946; Signaling by moderate kinase activity BRAF mutants.
 Reactome; R-HSA-6802948; Signaling by high-kinase activity BRAF mutants.
 Reactome; R-HSA-6802949; Signaling by RAS mutants.
 Reactome; R-HSA-6802952; Signaling by BRAF and RAF fusions.
 Reactome; R-HSA-6802955; Paradoxical activation of RAF signaling by kinase inactive BRAF.
 Reactome; R-HSA-8856828; Clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
 Reactome; R-HSA-983231; Factors involved in megakaryocyte development and platelet production.
 SignaLink; P60709; -.
 ChiTaRS; ACTB; human.
 EvolutionaryTrace; P60709; -.
 GeneWiki; Beta-actin; -.
 GenomeRNAi; 60; -.
 PRO; PR:P60709; -.
 Proteomes; UP000005640; Chromosome 7.
 Bgee; ENSG00000075624; -.
 CleanEx; HS_ACTB; -.
 ExpressionAtlas; P60709; baseline and differential.
 Genevisible; P60709; HS.
 GO; GO:0015629; C:actin cytoskeleton; IDA:UniProtKB.
 GO; GO:0072562; C:blood microparticle; HDA:UniProtKB.
 GO; GO:0005737; C:cytoplasm; TAS:UniProtKB.
 GO; GO:0036464; C:cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granule; IDA:ParkinsonsUK-UCL.
 GO; GO:0005856; C:cytoskeleton; IDA:ARUK-UCL.
 GO; GO:0005829; C:cytosol; IDA:ARUK-UCL.
 GO; GO:0097433; C:dense body; ISS:AgBase.
 GO; GO:0070062; C:extracellular exosome; HDA:UniProtKB.
 GO; GO:0005615; C:extracellular space; HDA:UniProtKB.
 GO; GO:0005925; C:focal adhesion; HDA:UniProtKB.
 GO; GO:0030529; C:intracellular ribonucleoprotein complex; IDA:UniProtKB.
 GO; GO:0016020; C:membrane; HDA:UniProtKB.
 GO; GO:0035267; C:NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex; IDA:UniProtKB.
 GO; GO:0000790; C:nuclear chromatin; HDA:UniProtKB.
 GO; GO:0005654; C:nucleoplasm; TAS:Reactome.
 GO; GO:0005634; C:nucleus; IDA:UniProtKB.
 GO; GO:0005886; C:plasma membrane; ISS:AgBase.
 GO; GO:0032991; C:protein-containing complex; IDA:UniProtKB.
 GO; GO:0031982; C:vesicle; HDA:UniProtKB.
 GO; GO:0005524; F:ATP binding; IEA:UniProtKB-KW.
 GO; GO:0042802; F:identical protein binding; IPI:IntAct.
 GO; GO:0019894; F:kinesin binding; IPI:UniProtKB.
 GO; GO:0050998; F:nitric-oxide synthase binding; IPI:BHF-UCL.
 GO; GO:0019901; F:protein kinase binding; IPI:ARUK-UCL.
 GO; GO:0005200; F:structural constituent of cytoskeleton; TAS:UniProtKB.
 GO; GO:0098973; F:structural constituent of postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton; IDA:SynGO.
 GO; GO:0030957; F:Tat protein binding; IPI:BHF-UCL.
 GO; GO:0043044; P:ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling; HDA:UniProtKB.
 GO; GO:0034329; P:cell junction assembly; TAS:Reactome.
 GO; GO:0048870; P:cell motility; IMP:UniProtKB.
 GO; GO:0072749; P:cellular response to cytochalasin B; IMP:UniProtKB.
 GO; GO:0048013; P:ephrin receptor signaling pathway; TAS:Reactome.
 GO; GO:0038096; P:Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway involved in phagocytosis; TAS:Reactome.
 GO; GO:0061024; P:membrane organization; TAS:Reactome.
 GO; GO:0032091; P:negative regulation of protein binding; ISS:ARUK-UCL.
 GO; GO:0070527; P:platelet aggregation; HMP:UniProtKB.
 GO; GO:0045815; P:positive regulation of gene expression, epigenetic; TAS:Reactome.
 GO; GO:0098974; P:postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton organization; IDA:SynGO.
 GO; GO:0016579; P:protein deubiquitination; TAS:Reactome.
 GO; GO:0001895; P:retina homeostasis; HEP:UniProtKB.
 GO; GO:0021762; P:substantia nigra development; HEP:UniProtKB.
 GO; GO:0048010; P:vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway; TAS:Reactome.
 InterPro; IPR004000; Actin.
 InterPro; IPR020902; Actin/actin-like_CS.
 InterPro; IPR004001; Actin_CS.
 PANTHER; PTHR11937; PTHR11937; 1.
 Pfam; PF00022; Actin; 1.
 PRINTS; PR00190; ACTIN.
 SMART; SM00268; ACTIN; 1.
 PROSITE; PS00406; ACTINS_1; 1.
 PROSITE; PS00432; ACTINS_2; 1.
 PROSITE; PS01132; ACTINS_ACT_LIKE; 1.
 1: Evidence at protein level;
 3D-structure; Acetylation; ATP-binding; Complete proteome; Cytoplasm;
 Cytoskeleton; Deafness; Direct protein sequencing; Disease mutation;
 Dystonia; Isopeptide bond; Mental retardation; Methylation;
 Nucleotide-binding; Oxidation; Polymorphism; Reference proteome;
 Ubl conjugation.
 CHAIN         1    375       Actin, cytoplasmic 1.
                              /FTId=PRO_0000367073.
 INIT_MET      1      1       Removed; alternate.
                              {ECO:0000244|PubMed:19413330,
                              ECO:0000244|PubMed:22223895,
                              ECO:0000244|PubMed:22814378,
                              ECO:0000244|PubMed:25944712,
                              ECO:0000269|PubMed:12665801,
                              ECO:0000269|Ref.8}.
 CHAIN         2    375       Actin, cytoplasmic 1, N-terminally
                              processed.
                              /FTId=PRO_0000000771.
 MOD_RES       1      1       N-acetylmethionine.
                              {ECO:0000244|PubMed:22814378}.
 MOD_RES       2      2       N-acetylaspartate; in Actin, cytoplasmic
                              1, N-terminally processed.
                              {ECO:0000244|PubMed:19413330,
                              ECO:0000244|PubMed:22223895,
                              ECO:0000244|PubMed:22814378,
                              ECO:0000244|PubMed:25944712,
                              ECO:0000269|Ref.8}.
 MOD_RES      44     44       Methionine (R)-sulfoxide. {ECO:0000250}.
 MOD_RES      47     47       Methionine (R)-sulfoxide. {ECO:0000250}.
 MOD_RES      73     73       Tele-methylhistidine.
                              {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P60710}.
 MOD_RES      84     84       N6-methyllysine.
                              {ECO:0000269|PubMed:23673617}.
 CROSSLNK     50     50       Isoglutamyl lysine isopeptide (Lys-Glu)
                              (interchain with E-270); by Vibrio toxins
                              RtxA and VgrG1.
                              {ECO:0000305|PubMed:19015515}.
 CROSSLNK    270    270       Isoglutamyl lysine isopeptide (Glu-Lys)
                              (interchain with K-50); by Vibrio toxins
                              RtxA and VgrG1.
                              {ECO:0000305|PubMed:19015515}.
 VARIANT      12     12       N -> D (in BRWS1; dbSNP:rs281875331).
                              {ECO:0000269|PubMed:22366783}.
                              /FTId=VAR_067810.
 VARIANT      65     65       L -> V (in BRWS1; dbSNP:rs281875332).
                              {ECO:0000269|PubMed:22366783}.
                              /FTId=VAR_067811.
 VARIANT     183    183       R -> W (in DJO; modifies cell response to
                              latrunculin A; dbSNP:rs104894003).
                              {ECO:0000269|PubMed:16685646}.
                              /FTId=VAR_030026.
 VARIANT     196    196       R -> C (in BRWS1; dbSNP:rs281875333).
                              {ECO:0000269|PubMed:22366783}.
                              /FTId=VAR_067812.
 VARIANT     196    196       R -> H (in BRWS1; dbSNP:rs281875334).
                              {ECO:0000269|PubMed:22366783}.
                              /FTId=VAR_067813.
 VARIANT     243    243       P -> L (in dbSNP:rs11546899).
                              /FTId=VAR_048185.
 CONFLICT     97     97       A -> P (in Ref. 6; AAH16045).
                              {ECO:0000305}.
 CONFLICT    116    116       R -> L (in Ref. 6; AAH12854).
                              {ECO:0000305}.
 SEQUENCE   375 AA;  41737 MW;  6AFD05CA94E360E2 CRC64;
 MDDDIAALVV DNGSGMCKAG FAGDDAPRAV FPSIVGRPRH QGVMVGMGQK DSYVGDEAQS
 KRGILTLKYP IEHGIVTNWD DMEKIWHHTF YNELRVAPEE HPVLLTEAPL NPKANREKMT
 QIMFETFNTP AMYVAIQAVL SLYASGRTTG IVMDSGDGVT HTVPIYEGYA LPHAILRLDL
 AGRDLTDYLM KILTERGYSF TTTAEREIVR DIKEKLCYVA LDFEQEMATA ASSSSLEKSY
 ELPDGQVITI GNERFRCPEA LFQPSFLGME SCGIHETTFN SIMKCDVDIR KDLYANTVLS
 GGTTMYPGIA DRMQKEITAL APSTMKIKII APPERKYSVW IGGSILASLS TFQQMWISKQ
 EYDESGPSIV HRKCF

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